Monday, 28 March 2016

My Presentation for Sem 4


My Presentation for Sem 4

Course Name: The New Literature.
Topic Name: Comparison Between "Twilight" and "Harry potter and Deathly Hallows" 

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Comparison between ‘Twilight’ and ‘Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows’  from deepikavaja




Course Name: The African Literature.
Topic Name: Representation In African In 'Heart Of Darkness' and 'Things Fall Apart'.

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Representation of Africa in ‘Heart of Darkness’ & ‘Things Fall apart’. from deepikavaja



Course Name: Mass communication & Media Studies
Topic Name: Television Genres 

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Saturday, 19 March 2016

All India Radio.






Name: Vaja   Deepika Bhupatbhai.
Course: Mass Communication & Media Studies
Professor’s name: Parth sir
Roll no: 04.
Topic: Brief History of AIR (All India Radio).
Submitted by: Department of English M .K. Bhavnagar University.

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Brief History of AIR (All India Radio).

·       Introduction

 As we study about to Mass communication & media studies in most important are medium. As we communicated to other people and city, at that time which medium use them.  So these are the medium we communicated them like: T.V. Radio, internet, cinema, advertising, Film (Movies), News paper, journalism, poster, magazine etc. it is best way communicating and media use as information. We know that T.V. and Radio is old and best way communication medium. 

It is popular in present time. So now we explain to Radio and it is connected to wariest thinks. Radio is a combination of a number of discoveries of electromagnetic waves, radio waves, the wireless telegraph and the triode amplifier valve by scientists and technicians. 


It is different countries gave rise to the development of wireless telegraphy and later to radio broadcasting.First Radio is created to US and as reason for Communication environment in which amateurs could operate freely. So now we see All India Radio (AIR) history explain.

·       History of Radio.

               Those days Radio was so popular and best way communicating medium. Earliest radio transmission in 1915 was by universities to disseminate news. In the world First radio stations were set up in Pittsburgh, New York and Chicago in 1920s to broadcast election news, sporting events and even opera performances. In Those days Europe, public service oriented broadcasting supported by taxes or license fees rather than advertising oriented commercial broadcasting found widespread favour. Also US in privet and public service both cooperation. Columbia broadcasting station (CBS) and National Broadcasting Stations (NBS) as Private    stations.  BBC in 1920 as Public Service Corporation. 
A radio wave carries information signal; Signals are converted into electrical signals. And the wave is then amplified and sent to the antenna that then converts signal into an E.M. wave. An antenna on receiving the signal sends it to the receiver. This is converts the electrical signal sends it to the amplifier either speaker/headphones jack this is then converted into a sound wave. So now we explain development of Radio in India and explain AIR (All India Radio) history & development.


·       Development of Radio in India

Radio is famous in 1915 in world wide. But in 1920 first broadcasting was introduced in India. Broadcasting was introduced in India by amateur radio clubs in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Lahore. 



In those times The Times of India’ records that a broadcast was transmitted from the roof of its building on 20, August 1921. Amateur radio operators played an important part in Indian independence movement with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s. After Independence, India in start to All India Radio Stations. It is connected to Akashvani’. So now we discuss history of All India Radio.


·       History of AIR (All India Radio)

 AIR was officially known since 1956 as ‘Akashvani’ (Voice from the Sky). British government gave license to the India Broadcasting Company to launch Radio stations in Mumbai and Kolkata. In British India, broadcasting began in July 1923 with programmes by the Radio Club of Mumbai and other radio clubs.

Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) private company given permission to set up 2 stations in 1926. It is the radio broadcaster of India and division of Prasar Bharati. It is established in 1930 ISBS (Indian State Broadcasting Service) and connected to ‘DOORDARSHAN’, the national television broadcaster. AIR is one of the largest radio networks in the world. AIR has covered more than 99% of the Indian Population as per the latest information given by Minister of Information and Broadcast. AIR headquarters is at the Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi. We see that development of India in AIR that the government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two year. AIR’s Office of Controller of broadcasting created under the Department of Industries and Labour of the Government. In 1935, Mr. Lionel Fielden assumed charge as the first Controller of Radio Broadcasting. 


We see that in 1939 Controller Broadcasting Lionel Fielden was succeeded by Professor A.S. Bokhari who remained the head of All India Radio (AIR) for six crucial years. At that time, we see in 1940 Bokhari began broadcasting a daily ten-minute Hindustani news commentary. These programmes have so many languages in broadcasting. In 1938 Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore composed the poem entitled "Akashvani". In 1941, AIR was again transferred to the department of Information and Broadcasting which after Independence in 1947 and became a separate ministry by itself. "Akashvani" was coined by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the nation’s first private radio station in his residence. Akashvani seemed to be an appropriate name for a Radio broadcaster and was later adopted as All India Radio's on-air name after independence. When India became independence in 1947 the AIR network had only six stations in Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Lucknow, Tiruchi. (Wikipedia)
           
      
Sardar Vallabhai Patel was the first Minister of Information and Broadcasting in 1940 in India. After independence in India total number radio sets at that time was about 275,000.  As time pass away in 1952 Vadya Vrinda or National Orchestra with Pandit Ravi Shankar as the first music conductor. In 1957 Vividh Bharati has begun. Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR. But it was split off from the radio network as ‘Doordarshan’ on 1 April 1976. In those days in AIR has given innovative and entertain ideas like FM broadcasting. It is begun on 23 July 1977 in Chennai and was expanded during the 1990s. At that time pass away Radio as became popular and broadcasting in India in 1980 only for PM Rajiv Gandhi. And he was talk about that Radio waived the important duty on wireless equipment in 1984. Most of the Indian villages in Radio are must have. 40 millions of people have use and AIR has broadcasting in wariest programmes. Since then numbers of picked up in 2007 and more that 1600 operate in the country





·       AIR Services

   We see that AIR has many services in a number of languages and it is each serving different regions across India. 
1.            Vividh Bharati
2.            Prasar Bharati
3.            Regional Services
4.            External Services


  • Vividh Bharati: 

The Vividh Bharati of AIR was conceptualized to combat Radio Ceylon in 1957. It is radio channel was launched on 3 Oct 1957.  It is provided to only for entertainment. This is one of the best services of AIR. This is also known as the Commercial Broadcasting Service (CBS). It is the most commercially-accessible of the AIR networks and is popular in Mumbai and other large cities. It is provided ‘Multi Indian Service’ and that time Vividh Bharati was popular and many thinks happens that cultural, political, commercial development. (Akashvani)  
As begin this service that only 40 Vividh Bharati stations across the country down linked and there programmers though captive earth stations provide at each of these AIR stations. Vividh Bharati offers a wide range of programmers including news, film music and comedy programs.

  • Prasar Bharati:
 It is India’s largest public broadcaster. Prasar Bharati Bill passed by Parliament in 1990 but subsequent governments didn’t finalize it. It is an autonomous body set up by an act of parliament. Most of the Indian program and political, cultural, national news, issues, are broadcasted in Prasar Bharati. We see that Indian government have comprises Doordarshan television network and All India Radio (AIR) which were earlier media units of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 
It is owned by the government and it is established on 23, Nov 1997. It is only for demand that the government have broadcaster in India should be given autonomy like many other countries like America, Brittan, Russia, Pakistan etc. The Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990. But it was not enacted until 15 September 1997.  (Wikipedia)We see that Prasar Bharati primary function, ideas and objectives are the Corporation to organize and conduct public broadcasting services to inform. It is also educate and entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development of broadcasting on radio and television.


  • Regional Services:

All India Radio (AIR) has five regional headquarters in New Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Mumbai, and Chennai. . Moreover the Integrated North-East Service focused on reaching to the population in northeast India. All India Radio offers programmer in English, Hindi and numerous regional and local languages. It is help to every states and government. At that time we see that many programs and news are related to farmer, business men, cultural program, Classical music, Traditional dance, political speech, national ideas, agricultural etc. The broadcasting technology in India is basically indigenous and reaches far and wide to various listeners like farmers who require various updated information on agriculture. All the major national affairs and social events were transmitted through radio. Indian radio played a significant role in social integration of the entire nation. .  Making specific programs for and about women, tribal, children, handicapped, aged and vulnerable sections of society.
           AIR mainly focused on development of a national consciousness as well as over all National integration. It is not for the government but also those people work in any fielded and major thought that cultural, religious, social, classical program etc. And after independence, every states people have this service. In 1970 and 1994 the amount of radio receivers increased manifold almost five times. Regional service has from the initial 14 million the number increased to a staggering 65 million.

  • External Services:
 It is of AIR broadcast in 27 languages to countries outside India. At that time, in India the first broadcasts were in Pushto, beamed to Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province. This service has broadcasts begun in other languages including many like Dari, Persian, Arabic, English, Burmese, Japanese, Chinese, Malay and French. This service has popular not only for India but foreign also. It is broadcast in 16 foreign and 11 Indian languages with a total program output of 70 hours per day on medium and shortwave. It is Promoting research and development activities in order to ensure that radio and television broadcast technology are constantly updated. it is use to not only for Indian but many Foreign people talk them.   Also we see that the government can provide and promoted to this service and appreciated to people. it is use to development of technology, telegraph, media communication etc.   As we see great development of service to India that in News on Phone service. AIR also lunched news on phone in 1998 in New Delhi. And it is now has service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna etc. 

·       AIR Programmes

News Bulletins
Newsreels
Documentaries/Radio features
Radio Plays
Radio Talks
Classical Music & Plays
Agricultural programmes
Music Programmes
Quizzes
Movie trailers

·       Conclusion

AIR was helpful to not only for information but it is provided such things like culture, economy, education, agriculture, and politics also. It larger development in after independence. The function of broadcasting paved a way for the surge of modern concepts. It is just not entertainment, music, dance, dramas but it is beyond of that what Indian culture, commercial, economy as development and people know about to radio as medium. It is not for modern thought but it is that the modernization of the country and television was introduced and broadcasting achieved new status. ‘Akashvani’ or All India Radio (AIR) still stands as one of the biggest radio networks around the globe.Preset itme in Radio Was popular only for PM. Modi. He talk about to radio in Mann Ki Batt.



WORKS CITED

AKASHVANI. 12 MARCH 2016 <HTTP//WWW.AKASHVANI.IN>.
Wikipedia. 11 March 2016 <http//www.prasarbharti.wikipedia.com>.
Wikipedia. 8 March 2016 <http//www.All india radio.wikipedia.com>.

Tuesday, 8 March 2016

Use of Symbols in the novel “The white Tiger”.

 The White Tiger By Arvind Adiga.

Name: Vaja   Deepika Bhupatbhai.
Course: The New literature
Professor’s name: Dr. Barad
Roll no: 04.
Topic: Use of Symbols in the novel “The white Tiger”.
Submitted by: Department of English M .K. Bhavnagar University. 



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Use of Symbols in the novel “The white Tiger”.

§  Introduction

               Indian writing in English holds the sway and continues to make waves on the international scene. We see that Indian writing in English as form of Indian writing or form the Diasporas literature. As we know that The Postcolonial creative writers from Third World countries, including India, have been waging intellectual war in the form of literary cult. And how they are use English language? The writers of this movement are characterized by their defiance of the imposed Western aesthetics, coining of indigenous aesthetics and asserting their voice through their own brand of English. At that time in Indian writer like Aravind Adiga wrote “The White Tiger” and won Man booker Prize in 2008.  We see in this time many Indian novelists like Arundhati Roy, Aravind Adiga, Salman Rusdies, Anita Desai and Vikas Swarup wrote such thinks into Indian people. They are written something should not be in western country.

 Now we see in Aravind Adiga wrote The White Tiger as Flashback novel. And how Indian society represented in them. And The White Tiger in we found use of symbols it becomes Indian reality reflected them.

§  About Author

                Aravind Adiga was born to Dr.K.Madhava Adiga and Usha Adiga on 23 October 1974, in Chennai. He spent his childhood in Mangalore by the Malabar Coast. He studied at Canada High School. Further education he went to the state and studied English literature at Columbia University in New York Where he Studied with Simon Schama and graduated as Salutatorian in 1997. He wrote novel “The White Tiger” in 2008 won Man Booker Prize. We see that in this novel the social evils that are projected and often suggested in these sketches’ are elaborated in the novel The White Tiger. Adiga comes out as an angry young man of India who shouts at the politicians for not taking basic steps to lift the 400 million Indians who lives in extreme poverty, at the executives whose corrupt practices erode the effectiveness of the meager anti poverty. In the White Tiger Adiga makes narrative and collage of image of Indian. As we Know that Indian are Corrupted, blind follower of religious, politics, rigidity, business, Democracy, Crime, poverty, Richness, Dirty place, caste, loyalty, law system, police dept, companies etc. As Adiga portrayed India becomes this, it is true. Here we see to “Adiga was Half baked cities, built for half-baked men". So now we see ‘The White Tiger’ is presented as an epistolary novel- a series of letters written over the period of seven nights to the Chinese premier. Who is going to visit India in the coming week after being very much impressed with India's economical growth and development?

            In the novel there are many symbols and sign use as we indentify to Indian society. Aravind Adiga’s “The White Tiger” that emphasize the huge difference between the rich and the poor. We found that Adiga portrayed two India like the light India and Darkness India.  We how using various symbols Adiga wants to show real images in this small village Laxmangarh. So we see how Balram Halwai as servant, Philosopher, Murder as becomes owner, businessman and entrepreneur.

§  What is Symbolism? 

         Symbol is patterns of imagery and sign. It is a mark of character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, patterns.  It is connected to something else and especially a material object representing something abstract of character personality. 

In discussing literature, symbol signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or has a range of reference, beyond it. Some symbols are "conventional" or "public": thus "the Cross,” "the Red, White, and Blue," and "the Good Shepherd" are terms that refer to symbolic objects of which the further significance is determinate within a particular culture. (Abrahm)Adiga use to symbol in the novel “The White tiger”. And so now we explain represented to Balram Halwai’s life & personality. These symbols talk to Balram reality and India society represented here.

§  The White Tiger
§  The Darkness and light of India
§  The Black Fort
§  The Chandelier
§  Honda Citizen
§  The Rooster coop
§  Lizard
§  Delhi city

§  The White Tiger

             Balram Halwai was servant, philosopher, murder, businessman and entrepreneur like Half backed Indian. He says that many people in India Half – baked because they have not completed their schooling.  His family has no time to give him a name. we see that During Balram schooling, he earns name of ‘Manna’ given by his teacher. During schooling time, Balram earns this nickname when he impresses a visiting school official with his intelligence and reading skills. A teacher told Balram “The white tiger that’s what you are in this jungle”.  
               Adiga talk in this novel ‘The white Tiger’ - “the rarest animal in the jungle as Balram is a rare man in his village. here wee that it is symbol of brave and important man. It’s a symbol for rare talent – we rarely can find White Tiger in Now a day’s but they are genetic mutation. It’s a symbol for rare talent – only 1 in 10,000.  It is Bengal tiger famous in Asia.  We see Adiga portrayal of Balram as White tiger. it means that Thousands of people in one as talent came out and something done as pressing for him.

E.g. Dhirubhai Ambani.









§  The Darkness and  light of India

             As novel begin that Adiga given image of Two India. ‘The white Tiger’ novel in narrator Balram talk about Wen Jiabao that India as two countries: The Darkness of India and The Light of India. In Indian of darkness in northern part of India like UP, Bihar, WB, Jharkhand etc. in this place we find that people are so poor and rigid.  Here the ocean brings light to my country. Northern India in The River Ganga brings darkness to India - the black river.  We see in novel Balram talks about to the mother Ganga. And we see that the holy Ganga as river of India daughter of Vedas, this river of illumination, protector of us all and breaker of the chain of birth and rebirth. Balram talk about to the holy river Ganga as symbolize to darkness of India. Wherever it flows that area is the darkness and poor.
                            

               It full of soggy parts of human and animals bodies, buffalo carrion and seven different kinds acids. As we know that many westerner has came to India and see near by the ganga many ‘sadhu’ believes in superstitions. They are also go and take photography of naked sadhu. It is Indian people mentality and present time it is in there.  We know that The River Ganga connected to myths and ritual.  People come to wash their sins on the bank of The Ganga no matter how sinful deeds as they did. The darkness of India as connected to poverty, rigidity, and religious and believes in superstitions. That’s why Balram talks to The Ganga is stand for the symbol of Darkness in India.

  

The light of light as richness, business, modern thinks and development of industry as light side. We see Balram has poor boy and as struggle, philosophy and something bad at that time he becomes entrepreneur. This is reality of all Indian business man and how India as richer, glimmer world, city life. It is Indian of light and Mr. Ashok as example to light India. And we see Balram has entrepreneur as symbol of India of lightness.

§  The Black Fort

             ‘The White Tiger’ begin that Balram has poor and Rixapular son. He leaves in Laxmangarh. Here The Black Fort is a symbol of the extreme poverty that Balram is in his village Laxmangarh. It is connected to 1947 in British left that but they built fort and thought that we are free. But is here today in India that this fort suggests that they are ruling over India. The fort is located high on a hill. It is the architectural centerpiece of Balram's village. As a child he is afraid to go alone. We see that Balram was conquers this fear as he gets older. It later becomes his sanctuary, where he goes to contemplate his misfortune. ‘The White Tiger’ in One day Balram gets the courage to enter the Black Fort.  Balram says that “I leaned out from the edge of the fort in the direction of my village...I spat. Again and again...Eight months later I slit Mr. Ashok’s throat”. (Adiga, The White Tiger)
  So Balram broke out of the black fort mentally. And it is that Balram has no fear of them. When he spat on it from it’s the entranceway and broke out from the Black Fort physically. We see in novel Balram was killed his master and entered the ‘light’. This Black Fort emphasizes how desperate Balram fells in the end of novel.

§  The Chandelier

        The Chandelier is the opposite of the Black Fort. It opposite ideas in this novel. The Chandelier has connected to richness, wealthy, high thinks and something good but as concept of evil behind. The Chandelier is full of small diamond shaped glass pieces, just like the ones they used to show in the films of the 1970 & 1980s. The Chandelier is the gaudy light fixture that Balram has in his new office after the murders Mr. Ashok and starts his own company in Bangalore.
              We see that Balram has business man and entrepreneur of the wealthy person and how his life becomes the chandelier also stand for richness or showing light of Balram life. It seems like the strobe light at the best discourse in Bangalore and now it is in Balram’s office so it symbolizes his richness and victorious of life. It represents the wealthy that Balram has joined through murdering his master Mr. Ashok and stealing his money. Balram says that “It makes me happy to see the chandelier...Let me buy all the chandeliers I want”. (Adiga, The White Tiger) We see that Balram was too desperate for wealth that he not only murders his master Mr. Ashok. Balram thought that his master’s family would take deadly revenge and personal ideas that’s why he done that. Balram was talk that “I’ve got no family anymore. All I’ve got are chandeliers”. In this sentence Balram has no ideas and emotional to his family. Here the chandelier also emphasizes how desperate Balram felt to get out of his poverty. So we see that Hanging in Balram’s Bangalore office is a vintage chandelier. He frequently looks to it for “inspiration” confessing to “staring” for long periods of time. The chandelier comes to symbolize the “Light” of Bangalore and Balram’s new life.
                 It that Balram has associates himself with the little man, who is so desperate that he will defy God and associate with the devil to break out of the cycle of poverty. We found in most of Indian film in this the chandelier has symbol of rich & wealthy. So This Chandelier symbolize to Balram’s wealthy, Richer and how murdering his master. It is that Light of Balram’s life and his office’s fan as to stealing from light of chandelier.

§  Honda Citizen
           
              This is symbolizing to wealthy, richness, luxurious life. As we know that Balram was car driver but we thought that Balram was not happy or may be drive this car. This thought to connected Balram’s mind and how in his mind poor man. 
But he Murder his master Mr. Ashok that time Balram thought that himself promoted and able to drive the Honda. Indian people like this car and every Indian in their mind as becomes wealthy and drive Honda car. It is not only Balram Halwai as driver but he also feels has Made it in life. ‘Honda’ as company it is connected and dream of every Indian. Here we see that Balram secretly takes the car out at night on his own and also pretending to be wealthy man.  

§  The Rooster coop

It is symbolize to master slave system. In the novel we see that Balram was considering the rooster coop a unique symbol. And it is situation of Indian’s underclass system. It is symbolizes master- slave relationship. This is not in present time but in Ancient time this underclass system also like (Raja & Praja, Das- Dali in Royal Family, Upper – Lower and Brahman - Sudra).

  
 ‘The White Tiger’ novel in we see that Balram was servant and Mr. Ashok was master. It is that under privilege of servant identity.  we see that Even though servants have frequent a lot of opportunities to chit their master or escape from their slavery they don’t do this and remain slave to their master like Rooster in The Cage. Here Balram criticize to master & slave ideas. 
He also has given example of the Rooster coop. In novel we see that metaphor that Balram employs to describe the Indian servant/master system. Balram was servant it is not problematic.  ‘The white tiger’ in Balram see that roosters being slaughtered next to other live caged roosters. The roosters know they are next, but they do not rebel. Here Balram observes that servants in India remain trapped in servitude. But no one can breaks out of the rooster coop. It means that The Rooster coop is a servant mindset which Balram believes enslave the underclass. He explains how the Indian family ties people to the coop, since they know that any disloyalty could harm their families. It is that Balram has servant and at end that power position in society, that’s why the Rooster Coop as master- slave morality underclass of system in India.


§  Lizard

As novel Begin that in symbol of lizard. Balram is Bothering phobia from a small insect lizard.  It is also symbolize the darkness.
 The lizard has also fear to come into the light and staying into the darkness it gets food like the same way the landlords in the Laxmangarh chucked the poor people by keeping them into the darkness. The lizard represents the fears, cultural values, and superstitions that trapped Balram in the Darkness, many of which he seems to still fear hold him back.  it is symbolize to fear and darkness of India.

§  Delhi city

 ‘The white Tiger’ begin in we see that another symbol is The Delhi city. It is symbolize that how a common man totally lost his existence for getting something. it is modern, richness, industrialism, struggle and poverty as there. 

 In this city most of people work there and effect of globalization. Delhi is the place where all the roads look the same. They have come from the darkness too. You can tell by their thin bodies, filthy faces, by the animal like way they live under the huge bridges and overpasses, making fires and washing and taking lice out of their hair while the cars roar past them. We see it damage of city and how poverty, evil thinks, dirty place & people have done something wrong. Where men are sleeping, playing cards and then four more roads go off from it. Balram also says that “people ‘just keep getting lost and lost, and lost in Delhi”.

Adiga also narrates the problem of Environmental, Social, Cultural, Political and Moral drawbacks. We see in Balram also talk about Traffic Jam, Corruption and Pollution are such problems which are chiefly tackled in Delhi city. The life of the people of Delhi is devoid of time but is full of pollution. The pollution is so bad that the men on the motorbikes and scooters have a handkerchief wrapped around their faces. There is a good reason for the face masks. They say air is so bad in Delhi, that it takes ten years off a man’s life. It is all about artificial thinks and most of the people say that ‘just nice, cool, clean, air conditioned Air’. So this are the problem of people of Delhi city and Delhi city as symbolize industry and development but in think about different way darkness, pollution & poverty are there. 

§  Conclusion

               So there are the different symbols in noel ‘The white Tiger’. It is reflected in Balram’s life. And as we think about to our self in novel that is in our also. It is real image of Indian country.  How India represented in noel ‘The White Tiger’.  it is not good for Indian people. Here Adiga criticize to Indian people life style. how poor people that trapped by the rich people and became slave and never come out as The Rooster coop into the cage. Every Indian have to this dream for Balram Halwai done that. Balram has a rickshaw puller’s son shows that little dishonesty makes a man to immense accomplishment. How small the village boy came out and becomes his philosophy, servitude, morality as well as richer, wealthy entrepreneur. So these are the symbol connected to Balram’s life and also image hidden image of India.

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Works Cited

Abrahm, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ed. James McDonald. Vol. 7. United States of America.: Earl McPeek, 1999.
Adiga, Arvind. The White Tiger. India, 2008.
—. The White Tiger. India, 2008.