Plato's object to Aristotle's Poetic.

  

•     Introduction      

 Plato belongs to   the classical age in Greek Literature.  Plato was a   thinker, philosopher and   the reason   was   dominant   in his personality. Plato    in  his  famous   book  entitled  ‘THE  REPUBLIC’    talks   about   the  nature  of  poetry   and  the  function  of  poetry  as  well. Ironically , it    was  Plato’s   most  famous  student , Aristotle , Who  was  the  first  theorist   to defend  literature   and  in  his  writing  ‘POETICS’ .   Plato    then   makes   a challenge    to poets   to   defend   themselves   against his criticisms.   Despite  the  fact  that  he  wrote ,  Plato  advocates  the  spoken  word  over  the  written   word . He loved   the classical   works of these   poets   but for   him truth was   of prime concern. Plato says   that   poetry   is an ‘IMITATION’.  He gives the example of three kinds of beds and says that all fine arts are imitative by nature. He believes that truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure poetry. He was not a professed critic of literature and his critical observations are not found of any single book. Ex, The ion, the symposium, The Republic and the Laws.  

                   Plato’s three main objection poetry are that poetry is not ethical, philosophical and pragmatic, in other words, he objected to poetry from the point of view of Education, from Philosophical point of view and Moral point of view. Plato gives the words ‘Mimesis’   for ‘Imitation’. He says that the ideas of bed is created by the almighty god so, the god is the real maker or the creator. The second type of bed is prepared by the carpenter from wood. According to Plato the carpenter’s bed is the imitation of the god’s idea of bed. The third type of bed is the painter’s bed. The painter paints the bed looking at the carpenter’s bed and so it is the imitation of an imitation. Similarly, when the poet writes a poem, he takes the help of his imagination and he writes the poem based on the experience of the physical world which is not real. Plato says that truth is nation or ideational. Plato defies poetry and poets and he says that they are devoid of truth. In the against to Aristotle, he says that poetry is an imitation of an imitation twice removed from reality but it is not the carbon copy of the physical thing. He says that if the poet gives something less than life. Plato missed to see that art convey something more than life. Plato’s object that Aristotle’s poetics in three type of point of views like are; 

• The point of view of education
• The philosophical point of view
• The moral point of view
• 
  

So, Plato’s object that to argue in his student Aristotle’ poetic and his objection and criticism to Aristotle’s point of views. At Plato gives to three type of point of views and now explains to this objection in Plato’s poetry more than in details.

•     The point of view of education

                 In the first type of view that education, in Plato’s book -2 ‘The Republic’ example of imitative gives up narration. He takes about that poetry as fostering evil habits and vices in children. Plato was a well real scholar and when he commented upon poetry. He had in mind the two great epics of Homer. The example from Homer’s ‘The Iliad’ and ‘The Odyssey’ in which the priest, chrysies urges the Greek play. Homer’s epics were part of studies. Heroes of epics were not examples of sound or ideal morality. It is not pragmatic because it is inferior to the practical arts and therefore has no educational value. In this reference, homer speaks on behalf of chrysies as if he was chrysies. They were lusty, cunning and cruel- war mongers. In this book Plato many examples of his ideas and more understanding of view point of education. Even gods were no better ( Troy Achilles beheading Apollo’s status, oracles molested…insults of Gods, Gods fight among themselves, they punish instead of forgiveness…Ahaliya-Indra, Knit’s children, Nard’s obsession to marry, Hercules son of Jesus And Alcmene, Here’s jealousy-snakes-frenzy to kill children….)

                       “No motivation, No learning”

                   Plato’s gives an example o imitative narration in the book2. Plato says that if we learn that motivation to better education. Plato writes:” if we mean our future guardians to regards the habit of quarrelling among themselves as of all things the basest, no word should be said to them of the wars in the heaven, or of the plots and fighting of the gods against one another, for they are not true…If they would only believe as we would tell them that quarreling is unholy, and (of epics) must not be admitted into our state, Whether they are supposed to have allegorical meaning or not.”Plato says that poets are lyres they speak lie through their poetry they present false God and Goddess in poetry and there by encourage falsehood among people. Thus he objected on the ground that poetry dose not cultivate good habits among children. Thus that Plato’s object that Education In the poetry better than. We are like people looking for something they have in all their hands all the time. We are looking in all directions except at the thing .We want which is probably why we haven’t found it education. It is in education that bad discipline can most easily creep in unobserved. Plato says that in one comment to “….. For the object of education is to teach us to love beauty. Then don’t use compulsion, I said to him, but let your children lessons take the form of literature, form of play. You will learn more about their natural abilities that way”.

“The object of education is to teach us love of beauty”

• ·       The philosophical point of view

                 In this book -10 ‘The republic ‘, Plato’s comment that when we read and more than explain of his to poetry and poets. We come across three type of point of view. In the second type of Plato’s point of view about that is philosophical. Plato explain and more observe that in the book ‘The Republic’, he should be gives us that philosophy more thinking and also usually poet think that his express his own self in his poetry. In ‘The Republic’, Poetry does not lead to, but drives us away form the realization of the ultimate reality the truth. Hence, the poets should be classifies two ruling power us the visible and the intelligible. 
                                                The formal includes shadow images, reflections etc. Later on, Plato includes reason or intellect. Plato says that ideas are real and physical things are unreal. Plato says that in comment, “I think you probably understand, without any explanation, that my illustration is intended to show the present attitude of society toward the true philosopher”. In the book   Plato talk about that philosophy is more than in literature, it can be never of thinking of these ideas, view, and feeling and about her knowledge to any kind of philosophical ideas. Plato’s goal that was to state, he judge to be better than philosophy in good human being. Philosophy is better than Poetry because Philosophy deals with ideas and Poetry is twice removed from original idea. Plato’s in his object that to against Aristotle’s poetry in that point about “…. is quite true that the best of the philosophers are of no use to their fellows’, but he should blame, not the philosophers, but those who fail to make use of them”. Plato’s one quotes to be philosophy that is…….

“Then who are the true philosophers; those whose passion is to see the truth”

                 
     Plato’s object that in his point of view about in philosophy has better than poetry and he gives as of that in ideal amazing of people. It can be same of that in more true reality as that not of philosophical image. Plato should be much than poetry is only of poet identity his own self, but other than philosophy is more about that poets mind and his view point of our feeling, ideas, emotions, belief and his hole nature of beauty in philosophical point of view by Plato’s object. 

        Whenever, many time philosophy is gives and made up by truth reality and also same of them these whose in passion of true in his work by Plato’s mind. Plato same says that to be “The imitator or maker of the image knows nothing of true existence; he knows appearance only…. The imitative art is an inferior who marries an inferior and has inferior offspring”. In this book by Plato’s ideas and he never other argues that to be against of Aristotle ‘poetics and both are object to each other view and also for Aristotle has student to Plato but he must be writing to his master Plato. And Plato should be gives up his view to poetry of ideas. In other ward, he says that philosophy is better than to poetry and poetry has twice removes to truth reality of ideas in Plato’s book -10 entitled by ‘The republic’. Plato says that philosophy is better than to poetry and it can be more philosophy has truth reality.

• ·       The Moral point of view

                                  In the same book- 10 entitled that ‘The Republic’, Plato says that his third type of point of view is morality. Mortality is gives us to people but not to be god. Plato says that morality is better than to poetry because moral point of view is truth reality and all about that people true of images moral ideas. Plato tells that morality is connected to poetry and god. Plato write about that in his writing for us imitative should than. Moreover, Plato talk about that in book for his moral view of judge by poetry not can be god and goddesses. Plato says that moral ideas in only natural thinking, but it can be twice reality. Plato labors in the republic to define justice and morality, his characters cephalous offers a theoretical definition. Justice or right is simply to speak the truth and to pay back any debt one may have contracted. Plato says that poetry is imitation of an imitation twice removed from of reality and it can be imitative ideas that more object than in morality. 

    Plato writes that; soul of man has higher principle of reason as well as lower constituted of baser impulses and emotions. Whatever encourages and strengthens the rational principle is good, and emotional is bad. In other words, poetry should be more than to stranger for moral views. Plato says that can be god never to morality gives up but morality can be people give them. Plato talk that moral point of view is relation to image, ideas, culture and god relation to human. 

                                          Plato say that “Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in soul; but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily limited…And therefore we shall be right in refusing to admit him into a well- ordered state, because he awakens and nourishes and strengthen the feelings and impairs the reason…”. In this book –‘The republic’, Plato says that all another objection is that it is often viewed as portraying either male dominance or female exploitation. Plato tells that can be poetry is that children’s minds are too impressionable to be reading false tales and misrepresentations of the truth. In other time, Plato has some very negative point of view on the value of literature. He also states the produces that he feels are necessary in order to change poetry and literature from something negative to something positive. Plato write about that he always to moral point of views than it can not to be principle of mind by his image to morality in poetry.

                             Plato’s objection of some kind of view by morality and it can be god has necessary express by moral ideas. Plato all is above in moralist and it is not to be imitative view of an imitative poetry. So now that Plato in this book of that is third type of view between moralities, it is better to poetry and truth reality of moral values to poets. So Plato says that is moral point of view is important and it is not to gives us morality but there are to people, that point of is Plato’s object to Aristotle ‘poetics and argues that mortality.

• ·       Conclusion

                Plato says that in this three type of point of views are against to Aristotle’s poetic and he write about to her poetic. Plato talk that create of his own ideas and more than to poetry better to this object. Both are his imitation of view and it is truth reality by different changes of poetry. Moreover, both are judgment to his own view and both are truth of his ideas but Plato’s object to political and critical statement of each other. 
    
           Plato’s principle charges on poetry and objection to it. To Plato, an appreciation of poetry is incompatible with an appreciation of reason, justice, and search for truth. Plato says that literature and the author are imitating things that he/she does not understand. Thus, that Plato’s object to Aristotle’s poetic in gives up to three kind of point of views are better than to poetry. And all other view, ideas, feeling and made by god images to truth reality. So, it is not ethical because to passions of not philosophy, and it does not knowledge but it cannot be pragmatic, and last it does not practical arts but it has not to education. Thus, that Plato’s ideas and his object to Aristotle are poetic in this view. In this book Plato says that poets are inspired and inspiration is illogical. Plato tells about that the poets are possessed by divine madness and their imaginative mind depicts their experience of life in poems.

Dr,Faustus has Renaissance play

       

     

•           Introduction

            In this play was very popular and the one of the tragic history of ‘Doctor Faustus’ in written by father of English dramatic poetry as Christopher Marlowe. In this novel published by 1592 and Dr. Faustus as ‘The Renaissance Play’.  This  play was  a written to the Elizabethan age and Marlowe is the son of a shoemaker of Canterbury is only dramatists before Shakespeare who is still reads with enthusiasm Marlowe has belongs  to the Elizabethan age and this age also write to the renaissance literature. As know that the renaissance was in essence an intellectual rebirth, IT showed itself in the effort of the institution of the middle ages. In the play, Marlowe has better and more than to be Renaissance man in his play Dr. Faustus in as well as the renaissance play. But now you can observe to Marlowe's work and Dr. Faustus as play in briefly.

•       His work and life

Christopher Marlow (1564-1593) one of the most striking figures of the English renaissance literature in his work of art. Marlow has born 1564 two months before Shakespeare, in the old cathedral town of Canterbury. In the Marlowe's life in his work also all whole effect and image to good in the Renaissance man. He is sent to Cambridge by a patron, who had noticed his quick parts. He graduated at nineteen and here Marlowe published his first play ‘Tamburlaine’ which he brought to renaissance literature and supernatural ideas and drama learn them. The most important dramatist before shakespear among the university wits was Marlowe. He is really great figure in pre-Shakespeare drama. He has left behind powerful and unnatural tragedies like that:

1.     Tamburlaine

2.     Dr. Faustus

3.     The Jew of malta

4.     Edward -2

Each one of these tragedies reflects the renaissance spirit and revolves round the central personality of the Renaissance man, who is consumed by lust for power. So, all four play more popular and in that play image of Shakespeare age and effect also. Marlowe's dramas are one man type of the play in which hero dominants the rest of the character. Marlowe is handwork and he has the Renaissance man also and not for in spiritual over indulgence of knowledge and the lust for power. Marlowe is great achievement in the Elizabethan age and his works are very popular, but I remember one line suitable to Marlowe's handwork and his achievement like that;

“When you highest achievement is always the result of hardworking”.

•           Marlowe in renaissance

Marlowe has been called the father of English dramatic poetry. He is belongs to the Elizabethan age and this era in many reader and author write to his work on the image of the renaissance. In that Marlowe has been many literary works of art and all the renaissance spirit man and medieval world. In the 16^th century the renaissance for that in Christianity m, magic, supernatural power and god lay at intellectual of  life, and Marlowe has also for his literary work and dramas as well as into scientific inquiry languished and theology was known as the queen of the sciences. However, in art and literature the mighty rather than on those of ordinary people. Marlowe's writing in the brief and haughty prologue prefixed and he not only announced clearly the character of that play. Sometimes he has more than to power and individual arguers to question and science for power of spiritually feeling in his drama. In the renaissance age, which have Elizabethan drama and play is one inconceivable. But Marlowe here that to speak god and consistently of the man in watch that to perform by stage into play. We can see that beneath the surface of his words, a proud consciousness of his own power over this almost untried form of verse. Marlowe showed his determination not to Pender to the pit by means of vulgar comedy and play in the renaissance.

                  In that last has Marlowe in gives to his play can see that unity to his dramas by makes them revolve around some single great character and personality. In 16^th century, Marlowe as the renaissance man and achieved in this not wholly sympathy medium but the highest distinction in renaissance time.

•       Dr. Faustus in renaissance play

In the play Dr, Faustus has been Marlow’s dramatic masterpiece ‘The Tragical History of Life and Death of Dr, Faustus’ is a very debatable issue Dr, Faustus has renaissance play and also for human power into his hand. In this play, Marlowe has dramatist and his writing in effect of renaissance age, culture, religious and literature. As we know that Dr, Faustus has tragic hero but in his hand of magic, supernatural power and the realm of necromancy. In the renaissances age, Marlowe wrote to Dr, Faustus as drama in he sells his soul to Lucifer in exchange for twenty- four years of immense power. But the desire to repent begins to plague him as fear of hell grows in him. Doctor Faustus has frequently been interpreted as depicting a clash between the value of medieval world and sprit of renaissance age.

            

                 As we know that Marlowe in wrote to drama in tragic elements, good and bad angel, magic, practical jokes use by Dr, Faustus as play. In the play, Faustus has magician and he not believers to good and evil angel. He has never of fear, every time asks that questions god. But not came to god, here Dr, Faustus asks and conversion to Mephistopheles. Dr, Faustus is a contradictory character capable of tremendous eloquence and possessing awesome ambition. It has some striking and significant differences that remove it from the genre of morality play. Audiences feel fear of the situation and pity for Faustus, whom Marlowe characterizes as a complex sympathetic character who develops and does not remain static. These points out two important differences between this and a morality play. A morality play (1) is intended to teach the difference between virtue and sin; between good and evil. A morality play (2) has allegorical characters that are named for what they allegorically represent one similar characteristic between Faustus and a morality play is the themes of sin and redemption, though Faustus does not personify Sin and Redemption as a morality play would do. Another similarity is the presence of a Good Angel and an Evil Angel and various Devils, yet these are specific characters with specific relationships or functions in Faustus' struggles; they are not allegorical personifications. Another similar characteristic is the presence of the Seven Deadly Sins, who appear as devils dancing for Faustus (Marlowe changed to this from the devil's pageant in the original 1592 English). In the play Faustus in his mind is full of philosophical and in his power to supernatural but in he faces to god never that belief. Marlowe use to these ideas in play but one dialogue between Faustus and Lucifer like that;

LUCIFER. Now, Faustus, how dost thou like this?

FAUSTUS. O, this feeds my soul!

LUCIFER. Tut, Faustus, in hell is all manner of delight.

FAUSTUS. O, might I see hell, and return again,

How happy where I then!

LUCIFER. Thou shaft; I will send for thee at midnight.

                 In the play this part is more interesting and also for Lucifer mind, his spirit for Faustus in that line. He has seen how the highly intelligent scholars are ruining their lives for the sake of power and want to hold the world in their hands. Dr. Faustus is a typically intelligent man where he feels the the world can be at his doorsteps by engaging himself with black magic to whom he surrounds his soul to the devil for the sake of his greedy power. His characterization is simple nevertheless his heroes are individuals they all arouse sympathy in some degree. This was his greatest contribution to English play and even than his revivification of its diction and meter. He was the morning star of Elizabethan drama and when he perished suddenly in the prime of his youth men felt that Lucifer had fallen from heaven. There is a lack of female character in Marlowe‘s play. Zen crate plays but a shadowy part in Tambourine; Helen is but a vision in Dr, Faustus.

       

 He overthrows Gods moral values and inculcates the vices where finally it ruins his life. Through the play Marlowe wants to give a message to the world that all intelligent men in the world should follow the moral values and ethics which are coined by the society.  If we violate the moral values of the society like Dr. Faustus we will be ruining our lives and have no place in Heaven after death. In this play we can see that more than to in Christian and also for renaissance in Dr, Faustus. Marlowe in has been renaissance spirit to Dr, Faustus as man to in renaissances man. But we know that Faustus may be repent and save his soul! “O lente lente currite noctis equi.”   Although Faustus was given all of power of the universal man and not for god and goddess. Faustus has face to death and life in tragic history of his life and he also for argues to god, but here came to not god but Mephistopheles in face and asks to question them. In this plat by for that Faustus has that in Mephistopheles in when Faustus remarks that to him seems to be free of hell at the moment that like:

Why this is hell. Nor am I out of it,

Think’st thou that I, who saw the face of god,

And tasted the eternal joys heaven,

Am not tormented with ten thousand hells,

In being deprived of everlasting bliss?

                   While Marlowe‘s Faustus is, admittedly a magician, a scientist, this distinction was not so clearly drawn in the 16th century as it is for them. In the play Faustus could be considered one drama, but you can see that in renaissance period Marlowe wrote in spirit of renaissances man and human power of knowledge ponder what happen to his limits as man. Moreover, in this play Dr, Faustus has in Renaissance man to be more than in the ideas of considered he a martyr has many flaws, several of which are evident when to Faustus before he turned to necromancy and what he did once he obtained the powers of the universe man. As renaissance play by Marlowe is inevitably the renascence audience in this play Dr, Faustus should realize that Faustus was a great man who did many great thinks because of his hubris and his lack of vision he died the tragic man. In the play has been that one man who possesses good and bad desire thought various actions and also conversation to good and bad angels and his personality for ideal image for the Renaissance man. In the play Marlowe has not for god came but in the time Lucifer was came, to take the path of god and Lucifer. Here just lines to in play by conversion to good and bad angel that like;

Evil angel. Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art.

Good angel. Sweet Faustus, leave that execrable art.

Faustus. Contrition, prayer, repentance- what of there?

Good angel. O. they are means to bring thee unto heaven!

Evil angel. Go, Faustus in that famous art

Wherein all nature’s treasure is contain’d

Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky,Lord and commander of these elements.

                  Faustus has in play by that to be more than Marlowe desire to Renaissance man and also for his idea, feelings in over came in human. In the renaissance audience was not that to which time and place to perform to play into stage. But Marlowe in supernatural power and two desire of views by Marlowe thought and character for Faustus in magician and philosopher. In the play Marlowe’s drama and a similar deficiency is to be felt in the entirely serious tone of his plays. The comic scene in Dr. Faustus is poor as compared to the tragic scenes. The renaissance spirit to reach England in 14 century.  In the period there was a love for life and its manifold beauties.   And the age of adventure and material wealth.  He is ideas of a man of the renaissance is pictured by him in the figure of Dr. Faustus. A distinguishing note of the renaissance age intoxicated by the magnificent possibilities opened to it on every side was an uncontrollable aspiration after the ideas a  scorn of earthly conditions a soaring  passion that  sought to scale the infinitude of power, beauty and love. In Dr, Faustus Marlowe presents a man of learning and a man running mad after the pursuit of worldly power .Dr Faustus is the master of varied knowledge ranging and practices necromancy to acquire worldly power .so great is Dr, Faustus’s love for power and pleasure that he sells his soul to the devil for enjoyment of worldly pelf and power. In the play more for that Marlowe has the tragic death of Faustus and his life is lost and never came of his ideas. As renaissance man good and evil for just to be his mind but not for over thought can use. In the renaissance play for when ever and whatever Marlowe in that to sin, redemption, and damnation; the conflict between medieval and renaissance values absolute power and corruption the dividends of human nature. The Dr. Faustus present the play of Dr, Faustus a German scholar and physician  who  his just for worldly power and knowledge signed the fateful contract with Mephistopheles the agent of the devil that he would really allow his soul to be taken wherever Mephistopheles wanted.
  
     If for twenty four years he was at his command and carried out behests according to his liking. For twenty four year Mephistopheles served Dr. Faustus as faithfully as magician wanted him to do but after the expiry of twenty four years, his soul was forcefully dragged by the devil to hell where it was perpetually consigned without any hope of redemption in the future. The play of Dr, Faustus is extremely pathetic and the cries of agony emerging from the lacerated heart of the Dr Faustus at the last moment of his departure to hell are sufficient to rend even a story heart to pieces. In this play not for narrator but in many a time chorus which appears intermittently between scene, so rather than in play Faustus has Renaissance man and also for supernatural power in his hand.

•       Conclusion

Thus, that in to be Marlowe has write into play Dr, Faustus as renaissance play and Faustus is  good human being, in this era you can sees that to be more than of writer face and effect to renaissance age and also for spiritual power of Elizabethan age in drama. So than can to see in Dr, Faustus as Renaissance man and also great master piece for this age in Marlowe play as well as Dr, Faustus.